Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. Having fought past Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the Union was unopposed in its capture of the city itself, which was spared the destruction suffered by many other Southern cities. This was soon dashed as the fog melted away under the morning sun. The British plan for the year called for three major offensives with one coming from Canada, another striking at Washington, and the third hitting New Orleans.

After the blockade was established, a Confederate naval counterattack attempted to drive off the Union navy, resulting in the Battle of the Head of Passes. These "Robin Hood" aspects of his programs provided a broad base of political support, an extensive informal intelligence and counter-espionage organization, and provided law and order. Fox's plan was initially opposed by US Army general-in-chief George B. McClellan who believed that such an operation would require 30,000 to 50,000 men. Arriving, Farragut was confronted by Forts Jackson and St. Philip, as well as a chain barricade and four smaller batteries. Its position by the mouth of the Mississippi River, which drained an important part of the United States, made New Orleans one of the most significant transportation centers in the early United States before the establishment of railroad and road systems. Surrounded by a fragile network of levees and lower in elevation than anything else around it, New Orleans was extremely vulnerable to flooding, bombardment, and insurrection, and was generally unhealthy and subject to devastating epidemics. Though numerous, the Confederates forces on the water lacked a unified command structure. In the wake of the defeat, Lambert and Cochrane withdrew after bombarding Fort St. Philip.

In a matter of minutes, the entirety of British senior command on the field was down.

This latter move was designed to split the Confederacy in two and prevent supplies from moving east and west. His methods of preserving order were radical and totalitarian, even in the North and Europe, with the issue of Butler's General Order No. Only 13 percent of the 1810 population was Anglo-American.

Alerted to the British presence by Colonel Thomas Hinds' dragoons, Jackson reportedly proclaimed "By the Eternal, they shall not sleep on our soil" and commenced preparations for an immediate strike against the enemy camp. Repelling British probing attacks on December 28, Jackson's men began eight constructing batteries along the line and on the west bank of the Mississippi.

The British reported their losses as 291 killed, 1,262 wounded, and 484 captured/missing for a total of 2,037.

[22], Butler raised three regiments of infantry, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Louisiana Native Guards, the Corps D'Afrique, from existing free black militia units which were supervised by Gen. Daniel Ullmann. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Confederate States presidential election of 1861, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_New_Orleans&oldid=980843243, Expedition to, and Capture of, New Orleans (American Civil War), Battles of the Lower Seaboard Theater and Gulf Approach of the American Civil War, Union victories of the American Civil War, Military operations of the American Civil War in Louisiana, Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 19:53. To New Orleans .

[14] By May 2, US Secretary of State William H. Seward declared New Orleans "recovered" and "mails are allowed to pass". [23][24], Butler had already done the institution of slavery in the Confederacy considerable damage by instituting his "contraband of war" policy while commanding Fort Monroe on the Virginia peninsula. He employed many local citizens in logistics support of the Union military and in cleaning up the city, including an expansion of the existing city sewer system and setting up pumps to empty the system into the river. After attempting a brief siege, Farragut withdrew back down the river to prevent being trapped by falling water levels.

Defense of the city against attacks from Confederate forces depended on an extensive outer ring of fortifications requiring a garrison of thousands of troops. Here complications were encountered as the water proved three feet shallower than expected.

It was popularly assumed that the Confederacy would launch a major counteroffensive to retake New Orleans.

The Battle of New Orleans was largely fought on January 8, 1815, during the War of 1812 and saw Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson successfully defend the city. The outbreak of hostilities in the area of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, led to the story of New Orleans in the Civil War.[9]. As such, military equipment and manpower were shifted up the Mississippi to defensive points such as Island Number 10. [19], The most valuable asset Butler commanded in New Orleans was not his army but his formidable political heritage. A solid Democrat, Moore organized an effective and discreet movement that voted Louisiana out of the Union in a secession convention that represented only 5 per cent of the citizens of Louisiana.
Along the river, Rennie's men succeeded in taking a redoubt in front of the American lines. Having successfully cleared the forts with minimal losses, Farragut began steaming upstream to New Orleans. Seeing the Union ship in trouble, the Confederates redirected the fire raft towards Hartford causing a fire to break out on the vessel.

[20], The spoils system created by the Democratic Party was also part of Butler's political heritage. New Orleans also benefited more by the Industrial Revolution, international trade, and geographical position. The battle took place even though the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, had been already been agreed upon overseas in Belgium.

With dawn approaching, Pakenham ordered the attack to begin. Storming inside, they were halted by fire from the main line and Rennie was shot dead. Before the attack could go forward, the British commanders learned that a peace treaty had been signed at Ghent, Belgium. Firing non-stop for five days and nights, the mortars pounded the forts, but were unable to completely disable their batteries. As his flagship, USS Hartford (22) cleared the forts, it was forced to turn to avoid a Confederate fire raft and ran aground.

That statement defined Jackson's position against any threat to the Union.

The combination of all these factors resulted in an increase in the price of prime field hands of 21 per cent in 1848, and further increases as the value of trade grew through the 1850s. It must be preserved!" A veteran of the latter campaign, Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane moved south that fall for the attack on New Orleans. With high water outside the levees, Union ships were elevated above the city and able to fire down into the streets and buildings below. Butler believed the advantages of political office should be used to the advantage of friends and supporters, and to suppress political opponents. He was also nicknamed "Beast Butler" and "Spoons" for his alleged habit of pilfering the silverware of Southern homes in which he stayed. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, which greatly expanded international trade, and the development of the cotton gin, cotton became a valuable export product, adding to the volume of cargo moved through the city. Above the forts, the Union ships encountered the River Defense Fleet and Manassas. The battle to capture New Orleans cost Farragut a mere 37 killed and 149 wounded. On April 29, Farragut and 250 marines from the USS Hartford removed the Louisiana State flag from the City Hall. It was his political expertise that made his position in New Orleans tenable. "[10] Historian Allan Nevins argues the Confederate defenses were defective: Major General Mansfield Lovell, Commander of Department 1, Louisiana, was left with one tenable option after the Union Navy broke through the Confederate ring of fortifications and defense vessels guarding the lower Mississippi: evacuation.

He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. Immediate oversight of the forts fell to Brigadier General Johnson K. Duncan. A stunningly one-sided victory, the Battle of New Orleans was the signature American land victory of the war.

[16]:23–26, Butler was one of the most controversial and volatile personalities of the Civil War.

The Mexican–American War, along with the annexation of Texas, had made New Orleans even more of a springboard for expansion. He had a great gift for identifying with the issues of the broadest levels of the voters, and turning them to his political advantage.
He in no way had the military force necessary to hold it by force alone. For Lovell, the fighting along the river cost him around 782 killed and wounded, as well as approximately 6,000 captured. He became so reviled in the city that merchants began selling chamber pots with his likeness at the bottom. Lovell then sent a last message to the War Department in Richmond, “The enemy has passed the forts. Assessing the Confederate defenses, Farragut initially planned to reduce the forts with mortar fire before advancing his fleet up the river. Here the Jacksonian political legacy had come full circle in 47 years, from defending New Orleans from the British, to securing it from secession. Pushing forward with the reserves, Lambert was met by the remnants of the attack columns as they fled towards the rear.

As this occurred, the main body of the army would attack Line Jackson with Major General Samuel Gibbs advancing on the right, with Keane to his left.

This practice was made a later policy of war by Congress. Though skeptical about their effectiveness in reducing the forts, Farragut advanced Porter's mortar boats on April 18. At 2:00 AM on April 24, the Union fleet began moving upstream, with the first division, led by Bailey, coming under fire an hour and fifteen minutes later.

Though a tactical victory for Keane, the American attack put the British commander off balance, causing him to delay any advance on the city. This plan quickly ran into problems as difficulties arose getting the boats to move Thornton's men from Lake Borne to the river. The Union's strategy was devised by Winfield Scott, whose "Anaconda Plan" called for the division of the Confederacy by seizing control of the Mississippi River. The inscription echoed Andrew Jackson's 1830 toast in response to a speech endorsing "nullification," during what was called the Nullification Crisis. [3]:10–11, 214, A formative event in the early history of New Orleans was the Battle of New Orleans. This can be considered a tribute to the Union consensus building wrought by Butler's political manipulation and broad-based political support.

He had gained glory as a Massachusetts state militia general who had anticipated the war and carefully prepared his six militia regiments for the conflict.

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