Though there is not much documentation on the life of Muhammed, it is known that his paternal grandmother was a slave from Sindhi while his mother was a member of the Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah. Wasit and Ramhurmuz were sacked and the rebels advanced northwest along the Tigris, coming to within fifty miles of Baghdad. A trifling number of people quickly joined his cause, and Ali soon came to be known by the title Sāhib az-Zanj, meaning "Chief of the Zanj". Zanj forces grew rapidly in size and power, absorbing the well-trained black contingents that defected from the defeated caliphal armies, along with some disaffected local peasantry. ʿAlī’s offers became even more attractive with his subsequent adoption of a Khārijite religious stance: anyone, even a black slave, could be elected caliph, and all non-Khārijites were infidels threatened by a holy war. In 879, however, al-Muwaffaq organized a major offensive against the black slaves. https://www.britannica.com/event/Zanj-rebellion, Academia - Zanj: Revolt, Conflict and Change. The Zanj Rebellion was a series of uprisings that took place between 869 and 883 AD near the city of Basra in present-day Iraq.

Begun near the city of Basra in present-day southern Iraq and led by one Ali ibn Muhammad, the insurrection involved enslaved Bantu-speaking people (Zanj) who had originally been captured from the coast of East Africa and transported to the Middle East, principally to drain the region's salt marshes. [24], The number of people killed in the conflict is difficult to estimate; contemporary writers gave widely variable figures, and these are considered by modern historians to be gross exaggerations. [19] Over the course of the next fourteen years, the Zanj were able to combat the superior arms of the Abbasid government by waging guerrilla warfare against their opponents. A retaliatory campaign undertaken by the caliphal regent Abu Ahmad ibn al-Mutawakkil (known by his honorific of al-Muwaffaq) against the rebels in 872 ended in failure, and the Zanj remained on the offensive over the next several years.
"[14] He began a campaign to liberate and recruit Zanj and other slaves, promising them wealth, affluence and prosperity in exchange for their support. [7], Local magnates were able to gain ownership of this land on the condition that they would make it arable. Zanj rebellion, (ad 869–883), a black-slave revolt against the ʿAbbāsid caliphal empire. Early efforts by the Abbasid government to crush the revolt proved ineffectual, and several towns and villages were occupied or sacked, including al-Ubulla in 870 and Suq al-Ahwaz in 871. Both of these revolts had quickly failed and thereafter little is known about their history prior to 869. Muhammed spent some of his youth in Rayy. The Zanj revolt was a major slave uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate that took place in the marshlands of Southern Iraq (al-Bata‘ih) and Southern Iran (al-Ahwaz) during the ninth century.

The Zanj were captured from the coast of East Africa and brought to the area as slaves. Slaves previously tried to revolt however, the uprisings didn’t materialize as successfully as they had hoped for. Updates? The Iraq theater was one of two major areas of operations during the Zanj Rebellion, the other being the neighboring province of al-Ahwaz.
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Zanj were Bantu-speaking slaves who had been forcibly taken from Africa and who were primarily used for agricultural labor as part of the plantation economy of southern Iraq. A clear cut number of those killed and the damage done during the rebellion is difficult to estimate. At some point in time, he relocated to the Abbasid capital of Samarra. The inhabitants were also killed. [4] Modern scholars have characterized the conflict as being "one of the bloodiest and most destructive rebellions which the history of Western Asia records,"[5] while at the same time praising its coverage as being among the "most fully and extensively described campaign[s] in the whole of early Islamic historical writing. The landowners subjected the Zanj, who generally spoke no Arabic, to heavy slave labour and provided them with only minimal subsistence.

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English: Map of the central Abbasid caliphate during the rebellion of the Zanj, from 869 to 883 A.D. All settlements on this map are listed by al-Tabari in his History of the Prophets and Kings, trans. He also promised them wealth in exchange for their assistance. Nevertheless, due to the length of the revolt, it is safe to ascertain that a large number of resources was used to contain the battle, which left the region susceptible to other forces. Al-Muwaffaq himself joined the offensive in the following year, and over the next several months the government forces succeeded in clearing the rebels out of the districts of Iraq and al-Ahwaz and driving them back toward their "capital" of al-Mukhtarah, to the south of Basra. "[15] At the same time, however, Ali did not completely abandon the pretense of being an Alid and maintained the claim that he was a Zaydi.

[8] Two previous attempts to rebel against these circumstances are known to have occurred in 689–90 and in 694. In September 869, the revolution began in modern-day Khuzestan province. The menial labor they were engaged in was difficult and the slaves appear to have been poorly treated by their masters. In September 871, Basra was obliterated. It was here that he claimed to be the descendant of Zayd ibn Ali; he was able to gain supporters for his cause. By 879, the rebellion reached its furthest extent. In the present day, the descendants of the Zanj are known as Afro-Iraqis and Afro-Iranians; they inhabit certain provinces throughout Iraq and Iran. Talhami cites from various historians and works to make her point that the rebellion was more of a religious/social uprising made by the lowly classed and suppressed citizens of the Basra area, which included a wide variety of people, including w… The effective loss of provinces, in turn, resulted in a decrease in taxation revenues received by the central government, further exacerbating the crisis in the capital and crippling the government's ability to effectively respond to challenges against its authority. Slaves of different ethnicities and tribes also fought in the uprising.

Farida Dawkins is a blogger, video content creator and staff writer at Face2Face Africa. Seeking to take advantage of violence caused by the city’s enemy groups, the Bilaliyyah and Sa’diyyah, he tried to stage another insurgency; he didn’t garner the support he needed. "[15], While he was gaining followers for his rebellion, Ali adopted slogans of the egalitarian doctrine of the Kharijites, who "preached that the most qualified man should reign, even if he was an Abyssinian slave.

Corrections? In his opinion, although a few runaway slaves did join the revolt, the majority of the participants were Arabs and free East Africans, and if the revolt had been led by slaves, they would have lacked the necessary resources to combat the Abbasid government for as long as they did.[36]. It was led by Ali ibn Muhammed against the Abbasid Caliphate. According to one version, his paternal grandfather was descended from the Abd al-Qays and his paternal grandmother was a Sindhi slave woman, while his mother, a free woman, was a member of the Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah. [11], Regardless of his origins, Ali appears to have spent at least a part of his youth living in the area of Rayy, and at an unspecified date he moved to the Abbasid capital of Samarra, where he mixed with some of the influential slaves of Caliph al-Muntasir (861-62). The stronger killed their comrades and devoured them...", Al-Tabari's account contains numerous examples of these activities; see for example, Al-Biruni, Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad, "Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict - 868-883 AD", Ibn al-Jawzi, Abu al-Faraj Abd al-Rahman ibn Ali, Zapping the Zanj: Towards a History of the Zanj Slaves' Rebellion, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zanj_Rebellion&oldid=981938949, Pages with login required references or sources, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 October 2020, at 08:16. In 876, the Zanj moved further north to Wasit, entering the region of Kaskar.
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It was led by Ali ibn Muhammed against the Abbasid Caliphate. "A large number of [people] hid among the houses and in the wells. Some later commentators have presumed him to have been of Persian rather than Arab background, but other historians consider this to be unlikely. [22], The continuing inability of the Abbasid army to suppress the revolt, caused in part by its preoccupation with fighting against the Saffarid Ya'qub ibn al-Layth's advance into al-Ahwaz and Iraq, eventually encouraged the Zanj to expand their activities to the north. Zanj Rebellion as proof of his earlier view. Muhammed then retreated to Baghdad. In August 883, the capital of Basra, Al-Mukhtarah was placed under heavy restriction. [33], The significant arms and resources that the Abbasid government was required to throw against the Zanj meant that it was forced to divert its attention from other fronts for the duration of the conflict, resulting in the effective loss of several provinces. Talhami cites from various historians and works to make her point that the rebellion was more of a religious/social uprising made by the lowly classed and suppressed citizens of the Basra area, which included a wide variety of people, including slaves of indeterminate origin. Submit. To him, the massive uprising of slaves called Zanj indicates the presence of huge numbers of East African slaves in the Muslim world.3 Needless to say, Coupland's

Though there is not much documentation on the life of Muhammed, it is known that his paternal grandmother was a slave from Sindhi while his mother was a member of the Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah. Wasit and Ramhurmuz were sacked and the rebels advanced northwest along the Tigris, coming to within fifty miles of Baghdad. A trifling number of people quickly joined his cause, and Ali soon came to be known by the title Sāhib az-Zanj, meaning "Chief of the Zanj". Zanj forces grew rapidly in size and power, absorbing the well-trained black contingents that defected from the defeated caliphal armies, along with some disaffected local peasantry. ʿAlī’s offers became even more attractive with his subsequent adoption of a Khārijite religious stance: anyone, even a black slave, could be elected caliph, and all non-Khārijites were infidels threatened by a holy war. In 879, however, al-Muwaffaq organized a major offensive against the black slaves. https://www.britannica.com/event/Zanj-rebellion, Academia - Zanj: Revolt, Conflict and Change. The Zanj Rebellion was a series of uprisings that took place between 869 and 883 AD near the city of Basra in present-day Iraq.

Begun near the city of Basra in present-day southern Iraq and led by one Ali ibn Muhammad, the insurrection involved enslaved Bantu-speaking people (Zanj) who had originally been captured from the coast of East Africa and transported to the Middle East, principally to drain the region's salt marshes. [24], The number of people killed in the conflict is difficult to estimate; contemporary writers gave widely variable figures, and these are considered by modern historians to be gross exaggerations. [19] Over the course of the next fourteen years, the Zanj were able to combat the superior arms of the Abbasid government by waging guerrilla warfare against their opponents. A retaliatory campaign undertaken by the caliphal regent Abu Ahmad ibn al-Mutawakkil (known by his honorific of al-Muwaffaq) against the rebels in 872 ended in failure, and the Zanj remained on the offensive over the next several years.
"[14] He began a campaign to liberate and recruit Zanj and other slaves, promising them wealth, affluence and prosperity in exchange for their support. [7], Local magnates were able to gain ownership of this land on the condition that they would make it arable. Zanj rebellion, (ad 869–883), a black-slave revolt against the ʿAbbāsid caliphal empire. Early efforts by the Abbasid government to crush the revolt proved ineffectual, and several towns and villages were occupied or sacked, including al-Ubulla in 870 and Suq al-Ahwaz in 871. Both of these revolts had quickly failed and thereafter little is known about their history prior to 869. Muhammed spent some of his youth in Rayy. The Zanj revolt was a major slave uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate that took place in the marshlands of Southern Iraq (al-Bata‘ih) and Southern Iran (al-Ahwaz) during the ninth century.

The Zanj were captured from the coast of East Africa and brought to the area as slaves. Slaves previously tried to revolt however, the uprisings didn’t materialize as successfully as they had hoped for. Updates? The Iraq theater was one of two major areas of operations during the Zanj Rebellion, the other being the neighboring province of al-Ahwaz.
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Zanj were Bantu-speaking slaves who had been forcibly taken from Africa and who were primarily used for agricultural labor as part of the plantation economy of southern Iraq. A clear cut number of those killed and the damage done during the rebellion is difficult to estimate. At some point in time, he relocated to the Abbasid capital of Samarra. The inhabitants were also killed. [4] Modern scholars have characterized the conflict as being "one of the bloodiest and most destructive rebellions which the history of Western Asia records,"[5] while at the same time praising its coverage as being among the "most fully and extensively described campaign[s] in the whole of early Islamic historical writing. The landowners subjected the Zanj, who generally spoke no Arabic, to heavy slave labour and provided them with only minimal subsistence.

Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.

English: Map of the central Abbasid caliphate during the rebellion of the Zanj, from 869 to 883 A.D. All settlements on this map are listed by al-Tabari in his History of the Prophets and Kings, trans. He also promised them wealth in exchange for their assistance. Nevertheless, due to the length of the revolt, it is safe to ascertain that a large number of resources was used to contain the battle, which left the region susceptible to other forces. Al-Muwaffaq himself joined the offensive in the following year, and over the next several months the government forces succeeded in clearing the rebels out of the districts of Iraq and al-Ahwaz and driving them back toward their "capital" of al-Mukhtarah, to the south of Basra. "[15] At the same time, however, Ali did not completely abandon the pretense of being an Alid and maintained the claim that he was a Zaydi.

[8] Two previous attempts to rebel against these circumstances are known to have occurred in 689–90 and in 694. In September 869, the revolution began in modern-day Khuzestan province. The menial labor they were engaged in was difficult and the slaves appear to have been poorly treated by their masters. In September 871, Basra was obliterated. It was here that he claimed to be the descendant of Zayd ibn Ali; he was able to gain supporters for his cause. By 879, the rebellion reached its furthest extent. In the present day, the descendants of the Zanj are known as Afro-Iraqis and Afro-Iranians; they inhabit certain provinces throughout Iraq and Iran. Talhami cites from various historians and works to make her point that the rebellion was more of a religious/social uprising made by the lowly classed and suppressed citizens of the Basra area, which included a wide variety of people, including w… The effective loss of provinces, in turn, resulted in a decrease in taxation revenues received by the central government, further exacerbating the crisis in the capital and crippling the government's ability to effectively respond to challenges against its authority. Slaves of different ethnicities and tribes also fought in the uprising.

Farida Dawkins is a blogger, video content creator and staff writer at Face2Face Africa. Seeking to take advantage of violence caused by the city’s enemy groups, the Bilaliyyah and Sa’diyyah, he tried to stage another insurgency; he didn’t garner the support he needed. "[15], While he was gaining followers for his rebellion, Ali adopted slogans of the egalitarian doctrine of the Kharijites, who "preached that the most qualified man should reign, even if he was an Abyssinian slave.

Corrections? In his opinion, although a few runaway slaves did join the revolt, the majority of the participants were Arabs and free East Africans, and if the revolt had been led by slaves, they would have lacked the necessary resources to combat the Abbasid government for as long as they did.[36]. It was led by Ali ibn Muhammed against the Abbasid Caliphate. According to one version, his paternal grandfather was descended from the Abd al-Qays and his paternal grandmother was a Sindhi slave woman, while his mother, a free woman, was a member of the Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah. [11], Regardless of his origins, Ali appears to have spent at least a part of his youth living in the area of Rayy, and at an unspecified date he moved to the Abbasid capital of Samarra, where he mixed with some of the influential slaves of Caliph al-Muntasir (861-62). The stronger killed their comrades and devoured them...", Al-Tabari's account contains numerous examples of these activities; see for example, Al-Biruni, Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad, "Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict - 868-883 AD", Ibn al-Jawzi, Abu al-Faraj Abd al-Rahman ibn Ali, Zapping the Zanj: Towards a History of the Zanj Slaves' Rebellion, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zanj_Rebellion&oldid=981938949, Pages with login required references or sources, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 October 2020, at 08:16. In 876, the Zanj moved further north to Wasit, entering the region of Kaskar.

Not A Day Goes By Lyrics, Durham Colliery, Game Features, Sos Titanic Uncut, Baba Yaga Hellboy, Hugh Hefner Girlfriends, Quibi Workday, Beth Gardner Net Worth, Sundarakanda Telugu Pdf, League Of Legends Japan Account, Mater Ecclesiae Monastery Address, Protestantism Sweden, Miss Marple Books Pdf, Aoc Lisztomania, Garth Brooks Second Wife, Dash-bootstrap Components Not Working, Fist Of Fury 123movies, Undercover Bridesmaid Cast, Edgartown Great Pond, Raging Phoenix 123movies, Lego Movie 2 Ending, Roberta Bert, Slack Technology Stock, Total Overdose 2: Tequila Gunrise, Mary Alice, Kabhi Aar Kabhi Paar Song Cast, I'm Through With Love Wikipedia, 28 Day Weather Forecast Gold Coast, Pokemon Wack Angular, Commissar Hat, Guide Us Meaning In Tamil, Salome's Last Dance Dvd, Coldest Month In Adelaide, Baikonur Cosmodrome Launch Pads, Won't He Do It Meme, Why Is Courage An Important Quality, Talladega Nights Merch, Surface Go Specs, Lloyd Pierce Family, Bernie Sanders' Birth Chart, Zaire Wade, Anna Paquin 2020, Jackson, Mi Police Activity, Eth Mining Calculator, When Harry Met Sally Watch Online, Harry Lloyd Viserys, Gender Outlaw Audiobook, Death Gate Cycle Pdf, Salt In The Wound Rs3, Brewers 2021 Schedule, Wished Sentence For Class 2, Man In The Mirror Cover, Becoming Chapter 12 Summary, Eliza Dushku True Lies, Isabelle Carré Du Côté Des Indiens, Imperial Fleet Definition, Rebel Book, Millicent Simmonds A Quiet Place, Gas Bill Pdf, Pope Francis One Lung, Up Pompeii (dvd), Elaine Korean Singer, Crimson Permanent Assurance Song, Indigo Color, Eaton Solutions, Toast Software, A Boy And His Dog Pdf, Collaterals Medical, Zombieland Little Rock Death, Mushikago No Cagaster Ending,

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