As bishop of Florence from 1045, he imposed the canonical life on the priests of his diocese. Independent scholar and adjunct instructor of history at the University of Delaware, Newark. The break may have been precipitated by the Norman alliance, by Nicholas’s restatement of the prohibitions against simony and clerical marriage, or by conflict with the archbishop of Cologne; the exact cause remains uncertain, but the cooling of relations would have serious consequences. The Emperor Louis II took up the cause of the deposed bishops, while King Lothair advanced upon Rome with an army and laid siege to the city, so that the pope was confined for two days in St. Peter's without food. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Born at Rome, date unknown; died 13 November, 867. Wide as the waters: the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired.

Bishop Rothad of Soissons had appealed to the pope against the decision of the Synod of Soissons, of 861, which had deposed him; Hincmar opposed the appeal to the pope, but eventually had to acknowledge the right of the papacy to take cognizance of important legal causes (causæ majores) and pass independent judgment upon them. ", I, 579), and after death was regarded as a saint. He was filled with a high conception of his mission for the vindication of Christian morality, the defence of God's law against powerful bishops. [23], The Portuguese claimed territorial rights along the African coast by virtue of having invested time and treasure in discovering it; the Castilian claim was based on their being the heirs of the Visigoths. [5], Parentucelli's successful diplomacy gained him the reward, on his return to Rome, of the title Cardinal-Priest of Santa Susanna in December 1446. Tommaso Parentucelli was born to Andreola Bosi of Fivizzano and the physician Bartolomeo Parentucelli in Sarzana, an important town in Lunigiana. Contact information. [25] It granted permission to Afonso and his heirs to "... make purchases and sales of any things and goods, and victuals whatsoever, as it may seem fit, with any Saracens and infidels in said regions; ... provided they be not iron instruments, wood used for construction, cordage, ships, and any kinds of armor. A Study of History: Who, What, Where, and When?

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-II-pope, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Pope Nicholas II. Although the decree caused tension between Rome and the German court, which circulated its own version, Nicholas’s reform was an important step toward establishing the independence of the church.

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