Facing the Future: Foresight and the Historic Environment. Estimates suggest that a quarter of the one million people[199] displaced in the Gulf Coast region by Hurricane Katrina had not returned to their homes five years after the disaster. Arctic warming. Instead, temperatures would stay elevated at the same level for several centuries. More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030. [136] Developed countries are also vulnerable to climate change. These factors include intergroup inequality and low socio-economic development. Ongoing effects include rising sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and warming of the ocean surface, leading to increased temperature stratification. It is set to increase the severity and frequency of droughts around much of the world.

[20][21] With higher magnitudes of global warming, is more likely that societies and ecosystems will encounter limits to how much they can adapt. In engineering terms, adapting to some of these risks is straightforward. [56] Changes have already been observed in the amount, intensity, frequency, and type of precipitation. [32], The range in temperature projections partly reflects the choice of emissions scenario, and the degree of "climate sensitivity". [200] Mizutori, the U.N. secretary-general's special representative on disaster risk reduction, says millions of people are also displaced from their homes every year as result of sudden-onset disasters such as intense heatwaves, storms and flooding. The world’s coastal cities are going under.

For moderate levels of climate change, developed countries such as Australia are well placed to manage and adapt to such cascading impacts. [13][16] Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. (S3282_V_0651), Women outside the 3000th Easiform dwelling to be completed in Bristol, watching the opening ceremony through a ground floor window as a policeman guards the entrance nearby, © Historic England Archive.

Coral reefs provide a habitat for thousands of species and ecosystem services such as coastal protection and food. Testing vertical aerial photography methods at British Camp on the Malvern Hills.

land conversion, land degradation, harvesting, and pollution), threaten substantial damage to or complete loss of some unique ecosystems, and extinction of some critically endangered species. Facing the Future: Foresight and the Historic Environment. In July 2019, they issued a declaration "affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples"[191] and stated their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.

Rising sea levels threat: a shrinking European coastline in 2100? [43], By the end of the 21st century, temperatures may increase to a level not experienced since the mid-Pliocene, around 3 million years ago. Coastal inundation and erosion due to sea-level rise, particularly when accompanied by extreme weather events, pose risks to infrastructure. [237] These include the large-scale singularities such as the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, and changes to the AMOC. [187], Displacement and migration related to sea level rise will mostly affect those who live in cities near the coast.

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