Murat Dzhaubermezov, Vita Akhmetova, Rita Khusainova, Phillip Endicott, To predict the Mendelian diseases risks of the individual, we scanned an in-house human mutation database for each SNP of the Mongolian genome. Consistent with the inferences from the PCA and ADMIXTURE, the groups of East Asian (Daur, Oroqen, Hezhen, Xibo, Tu, Han, and Japanese) shared more ancestral alleles than groups of other regions (table 3 part 1). 2003). We urge, therefore, that the expressions which imply a racial aspect of the condition be no longer used. This observation is consistent with results from a recent study that Mongolians and Tibetans share some genetic alleles (Xing et al. 2011) might have resulted from high conservation of coding regions. 2009) to investigate the genetic imprints of Mongolians on other modern populations. In this study, we used a resource-efficient computing program ADMIXTURE (Alexander et al. We finally investigated the genetic imprints of Mongolians on other human populations using different approaches. [18], In his Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines (Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, published 1853–55), which would later influence Adolf Hitler, the French aristocrat Arthur de Gobineau defined three races which he called "white", "black", and "yellow". Matrilineal Contributions to Genetic Structure of Ethnic Groups in the (B) The strategy of SNP and short indel identification. Finally, all libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing platform. ANNOVAR software (Wang et al. Varga, and Bertrand Ludes. In this study, we introduced the genotype data of Mongolian individuals from the HGDP to predict the haplotype blocks of Mongolian genome.

Sanati, Draga Toncheva, Antonella Lisa, Ornella Semino, Jacques Chiaroni, We calculated standard errors and Z-scores using the bootstrap method to estimate significance of the D values. We checked alleles of all markers released in the Y haplogroup phylogenetic tree (Karafet et al. and north of the Mongolian border. This made the point of view of three races appear to be "true, natural, and inescapable.

A total of 43,014 (1.15%) SNPs and 10,131 (1.34%) short indels were located in potential regulatory regions (2-kb flanking regions of each gene).

Karmin, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, Sergey Litvinov, population census). We found eight distinct Y haplogroups constructed from the seven binary markers. 2008). We sequenced genomic DNA of the individual using the whole-genome shotgun strategy on Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing platform. We also used the RepeatMasker (version 3.3.0) (http://repeatmasker.org) with the repeat library (RepBase 16.01) to predict known translocation elements and applied the Tandem Repeat Finder to identify tandem repeats. We then applied the D test (ABBABABA test) to estimate the gene flows between the Mongolians and other human populations. The Mongols tend to be excellent representatives of the Mongoloid racial We here also carried out the annotation of the genome draft using the pipeline developed by BGI (Li, Fan, et al. We constructed the cursory haplotype blocks from the HGDP genotypes of several groups using the Haploview program, including samples of Yoruba, Mongolian (ten of HGDP plus the individual of this study), Russian, Han, Caucasian (Adygei), Maya, French, Brahui, and Palestinian. [11], Discussions on race among Western scholars during the 19th century took place against the background of the debate between monogenists and polygenists, the former arguing for a single origin of all mankind, the latter holding that each human race had a specific origin. Through the haplogroup analyses of Y chromosome and mitochondria genome, we traced the patrilineal and matrilineal transmissions of the Mongolian genome. "[29], In 1950, UNESCO published their statement The Race Question. Large insertions/deletions (>100 bp), the largest proportion of the SV candidates, were finally filtered by S/P ratio (number of single-end mapped reads/number of paired-end mapped reads) (Li et al. [22], In 1909, a map published based on racial classifications in South Asia conceived by Herbert Hope Risley classified inhabitants of Bengal and parts of Odisha as Mongolo-Dravidians, people of mixed Mongoloid and Dravidian origin. 4 had N3a S12, Supplementary Material online). A total of 5.6 billion paired-end reads were generated from sequencing of libraries with different fragment sizes (200, 500, 800 bp, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 kb) and the coverage reached 130.8-folds of the genome. The part of North/East Asians might have been resulted from the recent common ancestor before moving into East Asia and gene flows after divergence from groups in other continents. frequencies are elevated in many Siberian populations relative to other J. Hum. 1981; Andrews et al. Investigation of gene flows indicates that the genetic imprints of Mongolians approximately match the route of the Empire expansion, including the impacts of diluted Mongolian lineage on the Indian subcontinent. In this study, we selected a Mongolian male individual for assembly of the Mongolian reference genome, genetic variation map, and subsequent genetic analyses. However, the comparative analysis also shows that the Mongolian genome has fewer short SVs (<100 bp) and more large SVs (>100 bp) than YH genome. the Inner Mongolia region of north-central China.
2005; Shi et al. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. In total, 537 of 571 sites were finally confirmed and used for the subsequent Y haplogroup analysis. 2008; Zhong et al. The fact that D clade is frequent in Africa, relatively common in the people of Andaman island, the Tibetan Plateau, and less frequent in East and Central Asia supports the hypothesis of northward migration of modern humans into East Asia (Su et al. Kärt Varendi, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Doron M. Behar, Rita Khusainova, This indicates that the studied individual is representative of the normal, healthy population. "The importance of this anomaly among Europeans and their descendants is not related to the segregation of genes derived from Asians; its appearance among members of Asian populations suggests such ambiguous designations as 'Mongol Mongoloid'; increasing participation of Chinese and Japanese in investigation of the condition imposes on them the use of an embarrassing term. New World Founders. "[33]:249[35], The fact that there are no sharp distinctions between the supposed racial groups had been observed by Blumenbach and later by Charles Darwin. (B) PCA plots of 1,042 individuals from 50 global ethnic groups. A total of 1,362-Mb repetitive sequences were predicted, accounting for 47.3% of the genome draft. Excerpts from the Abstract: var vglnk = { api_url: '//api.viglink.com/api', Using a combined variation calling strategy that integrates multiple methods simultaneously (fig.


Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, New World Founders." Next, read pairs derived from long insert-size libraries (>1 kb) were aligned to the contig sequences, and the paired information was used to construct the scaffolds. Table 1 on page 2434, titled "Haplogroup frequencies in East Asian The bracketed markers were not validated in the Mongolian genome. American anthropologist Carleton S. Coon published his much debated[33]:248 Origin of Races in 1962. European Journal of Human Genetics (2019). genetically tested based on their Y chromosomes. In 1961, its use was deprecated by a group of genetic experts in an article in The Lancet due to its "misleading connotations". clustered with each other and not with other Asian or Amerind groups. The group is broadly considered to be a founding population of the New World (Kolman et al. Besud, and Bayad. The largest proportion of the repetitive sequences is LINE, contributing 31.3% of the genome (supplementary table S4, Supplementary Material online). M8a2, 6.4% U4. Only 21,233 (0.57%) of SNPs and 528 indels (0.07%) were found in CDS, indicating higher conservation of coding regions. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com, Evolutionary and Comparative analysis of bacterial Non-Homologous End Joining Repair, Evolutionary history of alpha satellite DNA repeats dispersed within human genome euchromatin, Highlight: Adaptations That Rule the Night, Dynamics in secondary metabolite gene clusters in otherwise highly syntenic and stable genomes in the fungal genus, The evolution of chromosome numbers: mechanistic models and experimental approaches, Volume 12, Issue 10, October 2020 (In Progress), About the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Genome of the Netherlands Consortium 2014, ftp://public.genomics.org.cn/BGI/MongolianGenome, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency, Fuchs endothelial cornea dystrophy (FECD), Copyright © 2020 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

The authors note that these Kalmyks "demonstrate high IBD [identical-by-descent] sharing with the tested Turkic peoples" and explain this by the fact that "the Mongol-speaking Kalmyks migrated into North Caucasus from Dzhungaria (the northwestern province of China at the Mongolian border) only in the 17th century" while the Turkic peoples share various amounts of ancestry from Southern Siberia and Mongolia. To eliminate genetic noises caused by relatively shorter haplotypes of Africans, we excluded the shared haplotype blocks with Africans from each group. From the comparative analysis with publically available variant databases, we find that the Mongolian genome possesses a certain number of novel variants (fig. Mongolians share significantly more ancestral alleles with the populations in the regions of the Empire expansion than geographically adjacent populations outside the expansion route, such as Bantu in North Africa, Bedouin, and Palestinian (table 1), indicating that Mongolians played an evident role in shaping of modern Eurasian populations. We identified high-confidence variation sets, including 3.7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 756,234 short insertions and deletions. Central Asians than their fellow Mongolians.

populations", summarized that the Inner Mongolian men carried the The rise of the Mongolian Empire and conquests of the Eurasia continent (from the 13th to 19th centuries) (Twitchett and Fairbank 1994; Weatherford 2005) under Genghis Khan and his successors have played a major role in the last 1,000 years of human evolution. (C, D) Composition of SNP and short indel sets of the Mongolian genome compared with variant sets of dbSNP and 1000 genomes project. Many Mongols live in the independent country of Mongolia. Coined in 1908, the term remained in medical usage until the 1950s. Read pairs from the libraries with short insert size (<1 kb) were then assembled into distinct contigs based on the K-mer overlap information. Lancet corr. 2265-2280. S6, Supplementary Material online).

We then presented a high-quality Mongolian genome draft produced from hierarchical de novo assembly strategy. We thus infer that the Mongolian has a common patrilineal ancestor with Tibeto-Burman populations. August 14, 2006", http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/32648/StefanSchubert2016.pdf?sequence=1, "Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit", "Does Race Exist? 2009) possess the most shared ancestral alleles with Mongolians compared with other Indian groups. There are two main divisions of the Mongol people: S7, Supplementary Material online), compared with the YH and the reference human genome. intermarried with Caucasoid/Europoid peoples. 2013). 988 men from 27 populations from China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan were 1996; Starikovskaya et al. In these Mongolian haplotype blocks, we found that 2,310 with an average size of 16.4 kb are in Mongolian genome (supplementary table S14 and Supplementary Data, Supplementary Material online). Kroeber said that Polynesians appear to have primary Mongoloid connections by way of the Malaysians. A majority of SNPs and short indels were located in the intergenic regions (60.58% of SNPs, 58.25% of indels) and introns (34.36% of SNPs, 36.85% of indels).

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