This contributes to the decreased permeability of slag cements. Also, the grinding operation affects the reactivity of the slag. One of the peculiar characteristics of GGBFS concrete regards its color, both when slag is used in a blended mix or added separately to the mix. Degree of hydration of GGBFS as a function of time. (2006) investigated the effect of curing temperature on strength development of mortars containing GGBFS. Replacement of PC with GGBFS ultimately leads to a significant increase in the compressive strength of the mix. C. Meyer, in Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete, 2008. In addition, for structures with high early strength requirement, the replacement ratio decreases to 20–30%. Furthermore, there is a change in C-S-H morphology with increasing slag addition, from fibrillar to foil-like (Richardson, 2008). When used as part of a portland cement concrete, slag reacts with both the water (latent hydraulic reaction) and the hydrated cement paste (pozzolanic reaction), resulting in a more refined microstructure than that of a plain portland cement. Slag is primarily composed of CaO, SiO2, aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and magnesium oxide (MgO). Therefore the 50% limit of proportion is important. Kinuthia, J.M., Gailius, A., Laurikietytė, Ž., 2001a. BFS is one of the most common pozzolans used in concrete mixtures for marine environments. Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag is a strong, dense, none porous aggregate that is cubical in shape, has good resistance to polishing and has an excellent affinity to bitumen. Concerning the current regulations available for GGBFS application, ASTM C989 (2018) defines three strength grades of slags (Grades 120, 100, and 80), defined on the basis of the slag-activity index, calculated by comparing the strength of mortars made with GGBFS, and a reference made with Portland cement only. It is worth recalling that even within the same steel slags, there are by-products which currently do not find a valuable application, and in some cases, waste management protocols are very expensive. (Eds.

Asphalt. The glass content of slag is generally considered as the most significant variable affecting the development of the hydraulic properties of GGBFS. GGBFS is a by-product of the steelmaking industry in the manufacture of pig iron in the blast furnace, and it consists essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of calcium plus other constituents, that are formed when molten iron blast-furnace slag is rapidly chilled (quenched) by immersion in water. Cem. After Smolczyk, H.G., 1980. Hardened cementitious products of GGBFS increase the strength and reduce the permeability of the concrete.

When the proportion limit is increased to 70%, the 7-day strength would be typically around 40–50% of the 28-day strength. Because the calcium to silicate ratio of the CSH formed from GGBFS is lower than that formed from Portland cement, GGBFS is able to chemically bind a larger amount of alkali in the CSH. The equivalent American standard is ASTM C 989-14.101 The slag must contain no additions and must conform to the sulfide, sulfur and sulfate chemical composition requirements.

However, they found similar or slightly higher compressive strength than that of control specimens at later ages, 28, 56, and 91 days. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) is usually the only constituent of concrete that contains appreciable quantities of sulfide. However, experience of alternative methods of determining ggbs content such as electron microscopy suggests that they suffer from similar levels of precision. The presence of WSA as a partial cement replacement has, at early ages, the effect of decreasing compressive strength. By associating with highly reputed vendors, we always offer our customers Cement, Sand, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag of matchless quality at cost-effective prices on time. Concrete exposed to seawater may deteriorate from the combined effects of chemical and physical processes. Higher resistance to the ASR has been demonstrated. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Although it is possible to use 80 or higher percentages, strengths usually decreased as compared to the strength of control specimens. From 28 days, as GGBFS percentage increases, the compressive strength increases too. 17.4 shows the degree of slag hydration in a selection of cement–slag blends.

One of the major design objectives was to minimize temperature differentials without the installation of a potentially costly internal cooling system and thereby guarantee a crack-free structure. The annual production of GGBFS is estimated to be approximately 2 million metric tonnes in North America. Typically, a PC concrete should achieve 70–75% of its 28-day strength at 7 days. Although the steel industry probably generates the largest amount of slag, several other metallurgical slags are produced today that are still being mostly stockpiled, landfilled, or “downcycled” into low-value applications such as road bases. A number of these indices are shown in Table 17.2 for a range of slags of different compositions. Further increases in WSA–GGBS ratio give lower strengths. Slag structure and identification of slags. Flexural strength is remarkably sensitive to microcracks so the expectation is that addition of GGBFS to concrete production modifies the reaction products, and pore structure in hardened concrete and improves the flexural strength especially at the later ages.

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