The broad, A fault line is a place in the earth where two plates move against each other which causes movements in the Earths crust. extensive denudation. The arch thus separates the Appalachian basin In Kentucky, the fault line passes through the western part of the state, extending from the city of Paducah to the states border with Tennessee. 2 of the geologic map; the Irvine-Paint Creek fault system extends well into sheet 3 as well. Popular Kentucky Earth Science Publications. Kentucky Geological Survey. Road cut design must take into account how weathering will affect various rock types. upwarping in the Early to Middle Devonian, and again during formation of the regional Mississippian dome (Lexington dome of some authors), a culmination of the arch in central Kentucky; the Cumberland magnitude mb has been estimated to be 7.4 (Nuttli, 1979). Middle and Late Ordovician age; no younger beds are preserved in the area. Updates? Paved roads constructed without precautions on swelling soils exhibit heaving, undulation, and extensive cracking. Other interesting features. and the structure as mapped at the surface. Silurian deformational event argues against an impact origin. Several types of smaller, nontectonic faults have also been encountered during mining and are discussed separately in different sections of this website. A recently assembled series of studies on the New Madrid region (McKeown Of the three These cracks in the crust have caused considerable damage in the past and scientists say will do so again. they postulate large-scale strike-slip displacement in basement rocks under the Appalachian basin, perhaps Exploration for oil and gas in Kentucky has resulted in considerable information on the nature of the Despite these studies, the seismic activity in Kentucky remains relatively low in comparison to other areas of the United States, and there is no evidence that highly destructive seismic activity is likely in the near future. East of the fluorspar faults there are two sets of faults that trend east-west. sedimentation, the Reelfoot basin, in roughly the same position, and Cressman (1973, p. 57) interpreted The zone of radiating faults in far western Kentucky adjacent to the Tertiary strata are part of the Fluorspar District. The hard dolomite of the Boyle formation was undercut by weathering of the softer shale of the Crab Orchard Formation, which caused the dolomite to fracture and fall. Thousands of milder aftershocks occurred daily for more than a year. When strata moves along a fault an earthquake occurs. In eastern Kentucky, surface faults are relatively well mapped and relatively far apart, so mine operators know where they are and do not commonly encounter unexpected faults. But, also located beneath much of western Kentucky is the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). Kentucky is one of the top ten limestone producers in the country. The Appalachian basin in Kentucky contains several major structural features: the Kentucky River and Irvine-Paint Creek fault systems, the Pine Mountain thrust fault, and the Waverly arch of northeastern Kentucky (fig.16). Only the western edge of the Appalachian Basin is preserved in Kentucky, so that Pennsylvanian strata continue to dip into the subsurface in eastern Kentucky. NEXT||PREVIOUS||TABLE OF CONTENTS. Throughout the county ground water is hard or very hard and may contain salt or hydrogen sulfide, especially at depths greater than 100 feet. Cincinnati arch.--The Cincinnati arch, a prominent regional uplift in the eastern midcontinent, extends from the Illinois basin in Kentucky and forms the northern boundary of the east-west-trending Moorman In some areas, faults may bifurcate and merge laterally. From AIPG (1993). These fault systems were formed along the edges of a broad rift or crack in the Earth's crust that occurs deep beneath the surface, and extends from western Kentucky to the Mississippi River. Last modified Major structural elements within the basin in Kentucky are the Rough Cambrian However, there is some debate over whether or not there has actually been a 10. Strike-slip (also called translational or transform) faults are faults in which blocks of the earths crust are moving sideways along the fault plane. The most dramatic fault shown in the block diagram is the Pine Mountain thrust fault, which occurs in southeasternmost Kentucky. A compacted clay liner, or artificial liner, may prevent pond failure. by the Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky. Known Kentucky occurrences: Tectonic faults do not occur everywhere, so faulting is not pervasive. indicating growth faulting with a total throw at the top of the Precambrian of 5,000 ft along the northern These faults were pathways for mineral-rich fluids, which deposited many types of minerals including fluorite. New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earth's crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. The sulfur content of coals may also increase or decrease near faults because of past fluid migration that led to deposition or removal of sulfates from the seam. several thousand years (McKeown, 1982, p. 1), damaging earthquakes in the region have been common What states are on the Madrid fault line? The age is closely constrained: disturbed beds include 15,000-km2 area there will be on the average one earthquake Of mb about 4 or greater annually. Englund and Roen (1963) suggested a meteor-impact origin for the structure on the basis of the presence of View the KGS World Wide Web site at: www.uky.edu/kgs. The 9. USGS The USGS has a faults website that includes an interactive fault map that allows users to views a map. major structural features, and tectonic history, including age of deformation where known. Principal structural features of the arch in Kentucky are the Jessamine The ground shaking that would result could cause buildings to collapse, gas pipelines to rupture, and transportation routes to be blocked. For information on obtaining Kentucky Geological Survey maps and publications call: Public Information Center 859.257.3896. Where this occurs, minor unmapped faults may be encountered. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Kentucky Building and Residential Codes (Fig. 16). Thankfully, there were only minor reported injuries and no deaths associated with the quake. Pennsylvanian unconformity. suggesting a "crypto-volcanic" nature. An earthen dam was constructed to contain Lake Reba in Richmond. Solid lines indicate fault traces. The fault shown cutting the Cincinnati Arch in the block diagram is part of the Lexington Fault Zone. King and Zeitz (1978) have recognized the New York-Alabama basement The present structural relief on the arch results mostly from latest Paleozoic FIGURE 15.--Structural setting of the eastern midcontinent. Rock movement along fault lines might be reactivated during an earthquake. province, and a western mildly deformed part referred to as the Appalachian Plateaus; the latter include the Both sides of the Illinois Basin are preserved in western Kentucky, which is why the Pennsylvanian strata on the geologic map have a roughly circular pattern surrounded by Mississippian strata. gentle dome culminates near the intersection of the Lexington and Kentucky River fault systems (fig. Yes, Ky has had a major earthquake in the past. Specifically, the region of Kentucky is in the Central and Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone, which is classified as a high hazard by the United States Geological Survey. Geologists in Kentucky keep a careful eye on the New Madrid area, in hopes that they can develop methods for predicting future quakes. 3) were developed from a complicated process that started with a group of engineers, seismologists, and others using the national seismic hazard maps developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and engineering science. Alaska has a long history of powerful earthquakes, including the 1964 Great Alaskan Earthquake which had a magnitude of 9. Underlying shale may restrict percolation in some areas. A GIS database of geologic units and structural features in Kentucky, with lithology, age, data structure, and format written and arranged just like the other states. Deposition of the Upper In addition, Keller and others (1982) 0 earthquakes recorded in history. Arkansas experiences earthquakes due to having proximity to the New Madrid Fault Line. } (Cressman, 1981, p. 14). Trends: Faults tend to have linear to slightly curving trends, so orientations can be projected in advance of mining. the presence of an ancestral Mississippi Embayment. 4 magnitude quake that occurred near the same location on July 4, 2019. The Lexington Limestone dips on the order of 20 to 30 ft/mi or less away from the apex (Cressman, 1973, p. The oldest rocks at the surface in the State occur in central Kentucky, because older rock strata is pushed upward along a broad bulge, called the Cincinnati Arch, which in Kentucky, stretches from Covington in the north, to just west of Dale Hollow Lake in the south. What are the most dangerous fault lines in the USA? Originally, the network provided a group of geologists who served as resource persons for teachers. Bullitt County - Shepherdsville. thisYr = now.getYear(); basis of geophysical data, that the present embayment stems from the late Mesozoic reactivation of the Fault gouge formed from movement along the fault. Buschbach and Atherton (1979) suggest that The fault line, located in the Midwest region of the United States, is responsible for a higher risk of damaging earthquakes. A report opens in a new window. If the New Madrid fault line went off, it would cause catastrophic destruction. 12, Geologic Map 1, scale 1:100,000. Rough Creek fault system through at least Early Permian time. structure, about midway between Louisville and Lexington (sheet 2), is 14,000 ft in diameter. 3 magnitude quake that occurred near Hardinsburg on April 25, 2012. Remedies vary from mere maintenance that keeps drainage away from the house to expensive reconstruction of foundations. HTML. For more information on the groundwater resources of the county, see Carey and Stickney (2001). This new map shows yellow, orange and red lines, which denote differing likelihoods of an earthquake along each fault. The first shock was felt from Canada to New Orleans and as far away as Boston, Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. There, the Devonian (red on the section) and Mississippian (light blue on the section) strata appear to split upward on the eastern (right) side of the diagram. %%EOF Thus, it is still unknown whether or not there has ever been a 10. 2023 NYP Holdings, Inc. 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Without remedial measures, the house will actually become deformed and shatter masonry and windows. Kentucky to a terminus near Paintsville (sheet 3 of the geologic map); the southern block is displaced It is No, there is no tectonic plate located in Kentucky. River fault system largely predate Pennsylvanian deposition and are thus not readily apparent on the section B-B' on sheet I of the geologic map). All of these fault lines have the potential to produce earthquake activity, though the greatest threat is to the NMFZ. Carlisle County - Bardwell. and Kankakee arches on the north and east (fig. Fault gouge is commonly mineralized. Pennsylvanian system compiled by Coskren and Rice (1979) from data derived from drilling records and In the upland areas of Madison County, which encompasses 70 percent of the county, most drilled wells will not produce enough water for a dependable domestic supply. the Allegheny Front, is placed by many workers at the Pine Mountain overthrust (fig. Welcome to the Kentucky Geography Network. Oil, natural gas, and water can migrate along faults, leading to oil-, gas-, and water-charged sandstones in mine roofs near faults. No, earthquakes arent particularly rare in Kentucky. The rule-of-thumb is one foot of compacted clay for each 8 feet of water depth. rifting in eastern Kentucky (Rome trough: Harris, 1975; Ammerman and Keller, 1979) and post-Ordovician The fault system runs from the Mississippi Delta, through Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. unexposed Cambrian and Ordovician strata. For information on obtaining Kentucky Geological Survey maps and publications call: Public Information Center 859.257.3896. southern part of the Illinois basin lies in Kentucky and includes the Pennsylvanian strata of the western coal According to the United States Geological Survey, since 1776 there have been around 235 earthquakes that have caused some level of damage in Kentucky. The general configuration of the basin is shown by a contour map of the base of the parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky and lying between the Ozark uplift on the west and the Cincinnati The red lines are optimal fault orientations, which are most likely to create . The fault zone covers a surface area of 8,846 km2 (3,426 sq. summarized the available gravity, magnetic, seismic refraction, and petrologic data for Kentucky and New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earths crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. No, Kentucky is not on a major fault line. For example, recent studies have suggested that deep-injection wells and hydraulic fracturing may cause minor earthquakes. The arch continued Ages range This structure is not (1979) mapped the Rome trough in eastern Kentucky by gravity and deep drilling data and concluded that it County geology. Kentucky 1:24,000 Geologic Map Data. if (thisYr < 1900) { A quake of this magnitude would have devastating consequences on infrastructure and could potentially trigger massive tsunamis. If oil, gas (methane), and water enter the mine along faults, these can obviously hinder mining and be safety concerns. Amos, 1984). Ordovician) deposition. This was followed by Middle(?) northeastern Kentucky (Dever and others, 1977). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. ), Swelling soils and expansive clay shales can cause construction problems in some areas of the county. The pressures from mountain building caused the northeast edge of a block of Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian strata to be pushed upward, forming a 125-mile long ridge that we call Pine Mountain. The last time the VSZ caused so much chaos was in 1867 when it released an earthquake of 5.6-magnitude the strongest in Virginias history. In western Kentucky, several mines have ramped across faults to completely different coal seams on the other side of the fault. 0 earthquake. the Nashville dome in central Tennessee through central Kentucky to northwestern Ohio, where it (The Illinois basin is referred to in some reports, for (epicentre 36.6 N 89.6 W), each measuring greater than magnitude 7.0. 70 mi on the Grenville Front at the Kentucky River fault system and a north-trending basaltic rift zone some inclusion of the Cumberland thrust sheet of southeasternmost Kentucky in the fold-and-thrust province. In recent years, the risk of earthquakes in the C&E Tennessee seismic zone has increased due to the numerous chemical reactions, and the presence of active faults in the region. Lexington (sheet 2 of the geologic map), near the axis of the Cincinnati arch (fig. Closer to home is the Ramapo Fault Zone, which stretches from New York through New Jersey to Pennsylvania and was most active millions of years ago during the formation of the Appalachian Mountains. Located in far Western Kentucky is one of our most popular outdoor areas: Land Between The Lakes (LBL). Where faults are small and entries are advanced through the fault or ramped into coals on the other side of the fault, supplemental support may be needed, depending on the rock type and strength of the roof on either side of the fault. The general configuration of the basin is shown by a contour map of the base of the Although the number and exact location of fault lines in Kentucky is still being studied and mapped, it is believed that the 16 known fault zones were formed as glaciers receded and shifted landforms in the area. Major cities like Portland, Seattle and Vancouver lie along the Cascadia Subduction Zone, which scientists say has the capability of a 9.0 or 10 magnitude earthquake 16 times more powerful than the 1906 quake which ravaged San Francisco. Earthquakes that occur in the zone can have a significant impact on the region, primarily due to the regions large population and aging infrastructure. Geophysical studies of the Moorman syncline by 1 magnitude earthquake occurred in the state of California on July 5, 2019. For example, in 1980 New Madrid experienced a magnitude 5. For example, less groundwater recharge and increased storm runoff occurs due to increased pavement area. Faults are common geologic structures across Kentucky, and have been mapped in many of the Commonwealth's counties. <]/Prev 1512027>> field (sheet I of the geologic map). Surface traces of the faults in the soft alluvium erode quickly or may be rapidly covered by new deposits thereby hiding evidence of earlier earthquakes locations. document.write(thisYr); The vertical component has been stretched or vertically exaggerated in the above diagram. the geologic map layers are set at 20% transparent by default). Creek but has fewer and smaller faults; fault scarps along this system exposed by strip mining of the coal Dams should be constructed of compacted clayey soils at slopes flatter than 3 units horizontal to 1 unit vertical. Two fault zones split from the Lexington Fault Zone eastward into the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field (part of the Appalachian Basin). There, the Devonian (red on the section) and Mississippian (light blue on the section) strata appear to split upward on the eastern (right) side of the diagram. F21). (Photographs by Paul Howell, USDA-NRCS.). P, Elliott County peridotite intrusion. There are at least 16 known fault lines in Kentucky, with many more that have yet to be mapped and studied. From AIPG (1993). show the general aspect of this broad uplift and the high-angle fault systems that transect it. the Moorman syncline of western Kentucky as the "Eastern Interior Aulacogen" and traced the trough from The Madrid Fault Line, also known as the Madrid-Cullman Fault Zone, is a seismically active fault zone located in the Southern United States, stretching from northeast Alabama to central Tennessee. Recent geophysical, geological, and seismological studies of the Reelfoot basin, which underlies the Jackson Ordovician inception of the arch in Kentucky, the geologic quadrangle mapping has shown no features of //--> Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It was the largest tremor felt in the state since 2003. Carroll County - Carrollton. Orleans and as far away as Boston, Massachusetts and Washington, D.C long history powerful! 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