[15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Nephew of Didda. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. Son of Ajitapida. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). Turn on. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. After ruling indirectly and directly. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Answer. 0 0 Similar questions In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Sussala's son. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. [citation needed]. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions the Kambojs Verse 11. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. for this article. All rights reserved. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Was this answer helpful? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. 23 February 2011. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. } It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Kalhana was a poet. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Translation of " " into Persian . It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Match words . The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. He subdued several enemies. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. View all Google Scholar citations Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it The Journal of Asian Studies This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Request Permissions. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. Son of Aksha. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. Hiranya died childless. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Answer. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. ). After that, the English translation. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian.
