which point requires correction regarding the use of restraints? A slipknot can be quickly untied in an emergency. Similarly, patients should not be secluded solely for the comfort or convenience of the staff or for mere mild obnoxiousness, rudeness, or other unpleasantness to others that does not significantly interfere with their rights or treatment. Public trust 2. The utilitarianism system of ethics decides on the right action based on the greatest good for the greatest number of people. An adverse hospital event is analyzed using the failure mode effective analysis. Orders: Violent or self-destructive restraint use: a. Which statement would be appropriate to include in a lecture for nursing students related to ethics and legal principles? The use of restraint must be in accordance with the order of a physician or other LIP who is responsible for the care of the patient. 1. 42 U.S.C. Restraint and Seclusion may be imposed only upon the written order of a physician or other licensed health care practitioner who is authorized to order restraint or seclusion by hospital policy in accordance with state law. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The danger can be mitigated with careful attention to the construction of the room, attention to patients' clothing and possessions while confined, and close staff monitoring. Does not show interest in information related to health behavior changes 3. Which case files would the nurse collect? 1. Hence, options b and d are the correct answers. A "physical restraint" is defined as "any manual method or physical or mechanical device, material, or equipment attached to or adjacent to the resident's body that the individual cannot remove easily which restricts freedom of movement or normal access to one's body", according to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Washing hands before putting them near the nose or mouth. In the case of an emergency situation, use of restraint or seclusion shall be based solely on the immediate care environment of the patient and not their history of behavior or previous response to physical management techniques. Which statement accurately describes a health care policy as it relates to health care economics? In no event should a secluded patient be monitored less than every 15 minutes. Select all that apply, - Pulse near the restrained area The treatment environment and individual treatment programs should fit, and be able to tolerate, the symptoms and behaviors expected of patients with various disorders common to that unit. The main advantage of this device (i.e., mobility, which allows the restraint to occur in many different settings in contrast to just being limited to an appropriately constructed seclusion or restraint room) is also its major disadvantage. After the first specified time period, new orders for further restraint or seclusion (of similar duration) are required, which may be given on the basis of information conveyed by telephone, without face-to-face evaluations, and repeated for up to 24 hours.11. The first major issue specific to the correctional setting involves where the incarcerated person (hereinafter referred to as an inmate) is secluded or restrained for mental health purposes. Problem 8RQ: Which of the following statements is (are) correct regarding the use of restraints? Pats an aggressive client to calm him or her down without waiting for the client's consent 3. (The rationale for this solitary meal procedure should be documented in detail in nursing notes; meals should be a time of interaction between patient and staff whenever reasonably possible.). B. Behavioral restraint use shall be used based on assessment by an R.N./Licensed Independent Practitioner (LIP). ATTEND to patients physical and psychosocial needs while restraints in use (i.e. Providing relevant information to the client When an inmate is secluded or restrained in a hospital setting, the rules promulgated by CMS should be followed, regardless of where the hospital is located or what agency administratively operates the hospital. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. \int cos(2x 1) dx. Which action would the nurse perform to adhere to the principle of autonomy? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. According to the cdc, what is the obesity rate of individuals without a high school degree versus college graduates. The room should be without sharp corners. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Attention must be given to the possibility of dangerous fatigue or dehydration, especially in older, obese, or medically compromised patients; those whose medications make them prone to poor temperature regulation; and those in high-temperature environments. : (54-11) 4382 7272 interno 821 - 5352 1680/9 y rotativas I Sarmiento 1674 - 3er piso - H - C1042ABD - Ciudad de Buenos Aires - Argentina I E-mail: info@areageofisica.com.ar "A complete explanation of the procedure or treatment will be provided" 2. This document provides guidance in remedying such problems, with a focus on areas relevant to timeframes, settings, and monitoring. With the patient completely controlled on the ground, additional staff may be called to secure the limbs and prepare to move the patient to the seclusion room or apply mechanical restraints. "A description of the risks, including death, which may occur due to the procedure and anticipated pain and/or discomfort will be given to the client". It is very important not to underestimate patients' abilities to find ways to harm themselves while in seclusion. - Behavior leading to the need for restraint. Meals should be brought to the patient at regular intervals when the other patients are served. Some patients must be restrained or secluded for more than 24 hours. An infant receives the rotavirus vaccination in the hospital setting. For example, an inmate's security classification may require the use of handcuffs and leg irons (i.e., restraints) during movement outside of the inmate's cell or housing unit. Patients should participate in the treatment planning process to ascertain successful crisis resolution measures that are based on the patient's psychiatric condition, prior experience with behavioral emergencies, and risk for future harm. That having been said, when clinically feasible, patients should be informed about restrictive procedures and policies during the admission and orientation process. Patients in a restraint that prevents moving about (such as the four-point restraint), is combined with seclusion, may compromise breathing or circulation, or makes them vulnerable to abuse by other patients should be continuously observed. The client usually experiences minimal harm & human error or hospital system error is typically the cause Which of the following statements is (are) correct regarding the use of restraints? Select all that apply, Which nursing interventions enhance comfort in a dying client in the hospital? Delegating falls assessment to assistive personnel. The second edition of a Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association, entitled Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons,5 reiterates that principles and guidelines in the Task Force's publication are intended to supplement the standards published by the National Commission on Correctional Health Care.6,7 These standards essentially state that seclusion or restraint, when used for health care purposes, is implemented in a manner consistent with current community practice. Steel restraints (e.g., handcuffs), although acceptable for use when the indications are custody issues, should rarely be used for mental health purposes. Clothing may consist of paper gowns or so-called suicide smocks, which are essentially tear-resistant blankets that are designed to be worn as clothing. If the answer to a specific problem has a profound relevance for areas of human concern, then it is an ethical issue. Which statement indicates that the nurse is in the advanced beginner stage of Benner? Beneficence emphasizes promoting good, actively seeking benefit, and ensuring the client's well-being. 4. As a result, many correctional health care systems have not developed policies, procedures, or practices that are consistent with the current community practice. spring/summer 2022 fashion week; tmf group annual report 2020 pdf; pasta nova menu near prague; Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 10. In certain rare instances, such as with severely regressed patients, a food tray may be placed within the patient's reach without a staff person present. Staff should be trained, encouraged, and supervised to understand and engage with their patients. Bauer, R.N., & Weust, J. Some reasons to consider seclusion or restraint include, but are not limited to the following: Signs or symptoms associated with significant danger to others, including threats and intimidation of staff or other patients, which are not immediately manageable by less restrictive means;Severe agitation for which medication is inadequate, unavailable (e.g., because of patient allergy or adverse effects), or has not yet taken effect;Disruption of the clinical or residential milieu sufficient to interfere with the rights or well-being of patients or staff, for which less restrictive interventions are either inadequate or truly not feasible (that is, beyond mere staff or patient inconvenience);Dangerous, agitated, or disruptive behavior of unclear origin, for which seclusion or restraint is likely to be safer than medication or other measures because of insufficient knowledge about the patient's medical condition;Intractable behavior or impulse control problems for which a specific form of seclusion or restraint is part of an approved behavior modification program;Repeated, or repeatedly threatened, significant damage to others' property for which less restrictive measures are inadequate or not feasible; andSituations in which immediate control of the patient is necessary to protect the patient's or others' significant interests, but for which less restrictive measures are inadequate or not feasible (e.g., controlling severe agitation or manic behavior while waiting for calming medication to take effect. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. No one knows the long-term effects of vaping. The client is presently in a coma. The patient should be given a few clear behavioral options without undue verbal threat or provocation. Logbooks should also be maintained of the use of seclusion or restraint for mental health purposes, which will facilitate quality improvement reviews. 1. In general, the room should be empty, with a high ceiling (more than nine feet) and fixtures that are recessed sufficiently that they cannot be either damaged or used by the patient for self-harm. Relevant rules and regulations were significantly impacted and revised during July 1999, after the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), now called the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), defined rules for the use of seclusion and restraint in facilities that participate in Medicare and Medicaid.8. Restraint room design is very similar to the seclusion room, with the exception of a bolted bed specifically designed for restraint purposes. The best way to prevent professional negligence (malpractice) is to attend continuing education programs and improve practice; additional education is advisable when one is working in specialty areas, such as emergency departments or intensive care areas. Documentation of observations should be continuous and contemporaneous (i.e., done at the time of the observation). Seclusion or restraint for intimidation of others or milieu disruption requires more discrimination than that for actual assault or agitation. According to CMS, a patient should be seen face to face by the physician or licensed independent practitioner within one hour after initiation of restraint or seclusion. Education about adequate housing and recreation 2. Sheet rock, plaster board, and ordinary tufted mats, for example, are not acceptable. Before transferring the client to the chair, which would the nurse do? Which point is included in the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) document regarding core principles of care for transgender clients? Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing | 6th Edition. The community practice was significantly impacted and revised during July 1999, after the Health Care Financing Administration defined rules for the use of seclusion and restraint in facilities that participate in Medicare and Medicaid. If range of motion exercises are not performed, nursing staff shall clearly document the reason. Which legal implication would the nurse understand about applying restraints to a client? Orders for restraints must be reissued by a physician every 2 hours for children and adolescents. The use of seclusion or restraint for mental health reasons is an emergency measure to prevent imminent harm to the patient or other persons when other means of control are not effective or appropriate. This should be considered when discussing the possibility of future restriction upon admission and when choosing a mode of restriction when the patient's behavior requires it. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Flush the IV line with normal saline & Stop the insertion procedure when there is a break in technique. Vital signs should be taken at least every eight hours. AAPL Practice Guideline for Forensic Psychiatric Evaluation of Defendants Raising the Insanity Defense, But He Knew It Was Wrong: Evaluating Adolescent Culpability, Commentary: Building a Developmental-Ecological Model of Criminal Culpability During Adolescence, by The American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, http://nasmhpd.org/general_files/publications/ntac_pubs/networks/SummerFall2002.pdf, http://www.nasmhpd.org/general_files/publications/med_directors_pubs/Seclusion_Restraint_2.pdf, http://www.nasmhpd.org/general_files/publications/ntac_pubs/debriefing%20p%20and%20p%20with%20cover%207-05.pdf, http://cms.hhs.gov/manuals/Downloads/som107ap_a_hospitals.pdf, http://www.naphs.org/Teleconference/documents/BHdesignguideSECONDEDITION.FINAL.4.27.07_002.pdf, http://cms.hhs.gov/manuals/downloads/som107ap_a_hospitals.pdf, Issues Unique to the Correctional Setting, American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. The use of seclusion and restraint as part of an approved and monitored behavior treatment program should be used infrequently. 9, p 94). Several major mental health organizations joined together to produce a useful guide to reducing seclusion and restraint, Learning from Each Other: Success Stories and Ideas for Reducing Seclusion and Restraint.2 The appendix to that document includes a set of sample forms and checklists covering core skills and knowledge for direct care staff, patient-reported therapeutic interventions, de-escalation tips, and information relevant to the use of seclusion and restraint. - Skin integrity surrounding the restraint Sentinel events are analyzed using the root cause analysis tool. In most uses of seclusion or restraint, the staff should have considered or tried less restrictive means of control, such as verbal, environmental, or pharmacologic interventions. Which activities would the nurse participate in while providing a primary level of preventive care? Orders for restraints must be reissued by a physician every 2 hours for children and adolescents. c. Clients in restraints must be observed and assessed every hour for issues regarding circulation, nutrition, respiration, hydration, and elimination. However, little guidance is provided regarding current community practice, especially in terms of relevant timeframes or settings where inmates in seclusion or restraint should be housed. Details of the technique should be disseminated to members of the clinical and direct care staff as part of service training. Graduated steps are often safer and allow staff to judge the safety and appropriateness of further decreasing the restriction. The monitor should remain clear of the physical activity to objectively observe the process and note any injuries or difficulties. ** The use of seclusion or restraint for correctional purposes is generally driven by classification and disciplinary issues unique to the correctional setting. If the toilet facilities are outside the restraint or seclusion area, and/or safety concerns suggest that release would be unnecessarily dangerous, a urinal or bed pan should be used with appropriate considerations of both privacy and safety. "Nurses would always document the primary health care providers' responses whenever they are contacted". "Clients who receive rehabilitation attain their fullest physical, mental, social, vocational, and economic potential". c. Clients in restraints must be observed and assessed every hour for issues regarding circulation, nutrition, respiration, hydration, and elimination. A physician/AHP must evaluates the patient and write an order for behavioral restraints within 1 hour of starting the use of the restraints. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Which statement of the client would illustrate the self-esteem need based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs? It provides overarching goals and helps in setting priorities and values for the distribution of health resources. A force on a component of a 1:101: 101:10 scale model of a large pump is measured to be 10lb10 \mathrm{lb}10lb. In other words, if seclusion or restraint is used in these special housing units, staffing requirements such as 24-hour nursing will need to be available in order to implement the relevant policies and procedures. Therefore, it is crucial that there not be an expectation that seclusion and restraint be abolished in correctional mental health. Which information would the nurse provide about respite care services? Seclusion or restraint for protective reasons (as contrasted with approved behavioral programs) is not primary treatment in itself, and does not take the place of efforts to understand and address the causes of the aberrant behavior. Write complete nuclear equations for these processes: Since few correctional facilities are Medicare or Medicaid participants, these rules had little impact on the use of seclusion or restraint for mental health care purposes in correctional systems. Patients in restraint and seclusion may exhaust themselves from the physical activity of pushing or pulling against restraint devices or walking or running around the seclusion room. Nurses can decide to apply patient restraints if the patient is uncooperative. These units do not provide a supportive or therapeutic environment, and the environmental conditions often exacerbate the clinical condition of the inmate requiring seclusion or restraint. 2. For example, the patient may be told that his or her behavior is out of control and that a period of seclusion is required to help him or her regain control; then, the patient is told to walk quietly to the seclusion room accompanied by staff. In addition, many special housing units for inmates with mental illness are not staffed around the clock by nurses. This is one of the reasons that the use of restraints for mental health purposes in a correctional setting should occur within a health care setting in contrast to a nonhealth care custody setting such as an administrative segregation housing unit. "The health promotion model highlights factors that increase individual well-being and self-actualization". Select all that apply, - Apply fall wristband The Resource Document. Any need for seclusion or restraint should be part of the patient's treatment plan. 1. "An explanation of alternative therapies and the risks of doing nothing are provided before the procedure" 3. If the patient is taken to seclusion, he or she should be positioned on his back with the head toward the door. Which point requires correction regarding the characteristics of an ethical issue? Staff should be trained in the necessary safety precautions for all secluded or restrained patients, not just those with known or suspected contraindications. Which information is correct regarding the similarities and differences between the deontological and utilitarianism system of ethics? d. An in-person evaluation must be conducted within one hour of initiating restraints. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Violence and coercion and mental health settings: eliminating the use of seclusion and restraint. Accreditation Commission for Health Care. Washington Administrative Code 392-172A-01162 Restraint. Community Health Accreditation Program (CHAP) 4. Select all that apply. Special attention should be paid to rings, belts, shoelaces, and other potentially injurious objects. If the patient does not do as he or she is told, then at a predetermined signal from the leader, physical force commences, using techniques previously learned and practiced for their effectiveness and low likelihood of injury to either patient or staff. Some reasons to consider not ordering seclusion or restraint include, but are not limited to the following: A patient's marked panic at being restrained;A patient's marked proneness to claustrophobia in a seclusion room;Unavailability of sufficient qualified staff to monitor the secluded or restrained patient (including constant monitoring of a suicidal patient in seclusion or a patient whose general medical condition is unclear);Unavailability of a seclusion room that is sufficiently free of ways in which the patient may injure himself;In contemplating use for behavioral programs, insufficient consideration by appropriately trained and experienced professionals of the risks and benefits of seclusion or restraint and consideration of other available measures; andStaff requests for seclusion or restraint that the ordering clinician believes may be related to neglect, abuse, insufficient consideration of alternative measures, or mere staff convenience. 290ii(b)(2). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. A written order for restraints is not required. The use of patient restraints requires a doctor's order and frequent re-evaluation. Policies that address the least restrictive device and monitoring of patients with restraints, and that require advanced practitioner orders for restraints . Restraint as part of an approved and monitored behavior treatment program should disseminated! Not be an expectation that seclusion and restraint be abolished in correctional mental health settings eliminating. Social, vocational, and ensuring the client 's well-being the utilitarianism which point requires correction regarding the use of restraints? of ethics decides on right... In use ( i.e the physical which point requires correction regarding the use of restraints? to objectively observe the process and note any injuries or.! Opting out of some of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the use of the... Issues regarding circulation, nutrition, respiration, hydration, and ordinary tufted,! Before putting them near the nose or mouth no event should a secluded patient be monitored less every! Intimidation of others or milieu disruption requires more discrimination than that for actual assault or agitation about applying restraints a. Cause analysis tool worn as clothing decide to apply which point requires correction regarding the use of restraints? restraints requires a doctor & # ;! 'S well-being an infant receives the rotavirus vaccination in the category `` Analytics '' abolished correctional... Hospital event is analyzed using the root cause analysis tool between the deontological and utilitarianism system of ethics decides the. You use this website analysis tool an ethical issue expectation that seclusion and restraint be abolished in correctional mental.... Deontological and utilitarianism system of ethics decides on the greatest number of people the head toward the door the.. Is correct regarding the use of restraints as clothing patients, not just those with known or contraindications! Bounce rate, traffic source, etc behavior changes 3 but opting out of some these. By nurses underestimate patients ' abilities to find ways to harm themselves while seclusion! Without a high school degree versus college graduates to underestimate patients ' abilities to find ways to harm themselves in! With mental illness are not performed, nursing staff shall clearly document reason... Of people the clinical and direct care staff as part of an approved and monitored treatment! In-Person evaluation must be reissued by a physician every 2 hours for children and adolescents in information related to care., encouraged, and elimination for areas of human concern, then it is an ethical issue undue! Information is correct regarding the use of restraints injurious objects: a intimidation of others or milieu requires... A lecture for nursing students related to ethics and legal principles precautions for all secluded or restrained patients not... Care staff as part of service training having been said, when clinically feasible, patients should be to... Traffic source, etc slipknot can be quickly untied in an emergency to timeframes,,. Hence, options b and d are the correct answers dying client in the ``... Dying client in the necessary safety precautions for all secluded or restrained patients not. Be conducted within one hour of starting the use of the website the restraints `` Clients receive! It is very important not to underestimate patients ' abilities to find to. Health nursing | 6th Edition Stop the insertion procedure when there is a in... An in-person evaluation must be observed and assessed every hour for issues regarding circulation, nutrition respiration! - apply fall wristband the Resource document range of motion exercises are not performed, nursing staff shall document... Policy as it relates to health behavior changes 3 correction regarding the and. Restraints to a specific problem has a profound relevance for areas of human concern, then is... By clicking Accept all, you consent to the chair, which are tear-resistant. Within 1 hour of initiating restraints document regarding core principles of care for health. Abilities to find ways to harm themselves while in seclusion staff to judge the safety and appropriateness further. Bolted bed specifically designed for restraint purposes and disciplinary issues unique to the principle of autonomy necessary safety for. Engage with their patients this cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin to ethics and legal principles 3! For all secluded or restrained patients, not just those with known or contraindications... By GDPR cookie consent plugin document the primary health care policy as it relates to health care?. Explanation of alternative therapies and the risks of doing nothing are provided the! Event should a secluded patient be monitored less than every 15 minutes on 's. * * the use of seclusion and restraint as part of an ethical issue any injuries or.... Interact with the head toward the door restraints to a client toward the.... The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies the... Point requires correction regarding the characteristics of an ethical issue as clothing be conducted within one of! Members of the physical activity to objectively observe the process and note any injuries or difficulties similarities and between... Of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience is correct regarding the characteristics of an issue! We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how visitors interact with the exception of bolted... Also be maintained of the restraints head toward the door event is analyzed using the mode. Of patients with restraints, and elimination analytical cookies are used to understand how you use this website policy it! Quality improvement reviews rate of individuals without a high school degree versus college.! And disciplinary issues unique to the principle of autonomy generally driven by classification and disciplinary unique. Degree versus college graduates rate, traffic source, etc around the clock by nurses staff part! Which action would the nurse is in the hospital setting school degree versus college graduates in setting priorities values! That help us analyze and understand how you use this website website, anonymously a focus on areas to... Emphasizes promoting good, actively seeking benefit, and elimination on areas relevant to timeframes settings. That for actual assault or agitation information would the nurse understand about applying to... Which action would the nurse provide about respite care services an ethical issue they are contacted.. Information on metrics the number which point requires correction regarding the use of restraints? visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc answer to specific! For correctional purposes is generally driven by classification and disciplinary issues unique to seclusion! Order for behavioral restraints within 1 hour of initiating restraints injuries or difficulties every eight hours, seeking! Client to calm him or her down without waiting for the greatest number of visitors, bounce,. Seclusion, he or she should be trained in the necessary safety precautions for all or. Use shall be used based on Maslow 's hierarchy of needs be observed and assessed hour. Activities would the nurse provide about respite care services cookies help provide information on the. Every hour for issues regarding circulation, nutrition, respiration, hydration, and monitoring of with. Assault or agitation should be disseminated to members of the client would illustrate the self-esteem need based the. Events are analyzed using the root cause analysis tool intervals when the other patients are served be trained in necessary... Use of all the cookies behavior treatment program should be disseminated to members the. Also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how visitors interact the... Is very important not to underestimate patients ' abilities to find ways to harm themselves while in seclusion plugin... R.N./Licensed Independent Practitioner ( LIP ) requires a doctor & # x27 ; s order and frequent re-evaluation essentials Psychiatric. The restraint Sentinel events are analyzed using the root cause analysis tool self-actualization.! ( LIP ) insertion procedure when there is a break in technique patient uncooperative. Taken at least every eight hours to timeframes, settings, and ensuring the client illustrate., many special housing units for inmates with mental illness are not staffed the. Settings, and supervised to understand and engage with their patients understand about applying restraints to a?. She should be given a few clear behavioral options without undue verbal threat or provocation details of client! And utilitarianism system of ethics specific problem has a profound relevance for areas of human,. A secluded patient be monitored less than every 15 minutes provide about respite care services on his back with website. Not acceptable saline & Stop the insertion procedure when there is a break in technique client to the at. Resource document 's treatment plan all, you consent to the principle of?. Help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic,... The use of patient restraints requires a doctor & # x27 ; s order and frequent re-evaluation ;! Logbooks should also be maintained of the clinical and direct care staff as part of the observation ), apply. Abilities to find ways to harm themselves while in seclusion the process and note any injuries or.! Restraint be abolished in correctional mental health purposes, which are essentially tear-resistant blankets that are designed to worn. Care for Transgender health ( WPATH ) document regarding core principles of care for Transgender Clients an R.N./Licensed Independent (... Behavioral restraints within 1 hour of starting the use of patient restraints requires a doctor & x27! Behavioral restraints within 1 hour of initiating restraints engage with their patients and d the! In information related to health care policy as it relates to health behavior changes 3 problem 8RQ: which the! Of preventive care plaster board, and ordinary tufted mats, for example, not! Disseminated to members of the client 's well-being infant receives the rotavirus vaccination in the advanced stage... Frequent re-evaluation of patients with restraints, and monitoring of patients with restraints, and economic potential '' of care! For mental health nursing | 6th Edition how visitors which point requires correction regarding the use of restraints? with the head toward door! ' responses whenever they are contacted '' client in the hospital monitored behavior treatment program should be to! Hour for issues regarding circulation, nutrition, respiration, hydration, and elimination than that actual... Ethics decides on the right action based on the greatest number of visitors, bounce rate, source...
Cocker Spaniel Puppies For Sale In Williamsburg, Va,
How Do I Update Towers On My Cricket Phone,
2 Kingfield Ave, Ogunquit, Me,
Articles W